week 8 The use of Digital Technologies in Digital Arts

 The use of Digital Technologies in Digital Arts

Introduction

If it is true that Digital Arts would not have being in existence without Digital Technology, then it will not proper not to mention it as far as the study of Digital Arts is concerned. It had influenced several facets of life so much so that Louis, Nashelsky.(1977:3) pointed out the ‘vital roles of Digital Technology  in technological learning in order to comprehend the usage and operations of the PCs’ in carrying of Digital Arts. (Howard, Rheingold 2012:1).

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKDnPIQYU30

More so, the history of Digital Arts can be dated back to the early times of electronic advancement  in the 1950s plus 1960s were PCs were only largely owned by big organizations, so  cable performers deemed it fit to rent  computers on 60 minutes basis par charge. (Richard, Colson. 2007:12)

                                         ^{Pictures of Digital Arts}

 

The interconnection of electronic devices and human beings: This link shows how computer-generated tests form philosophies that can influence an individual pattern of living in physical life. It also highlights the pervasive nature of telephones in relation to man’s activities and identity.

http://www.ted.com/talks/sherry_turkle_alone_together.html

Over the years, it being recorded that the closeness between humans and digital gadgets had posed challenges ranging from not only privacy, surveillance and ubiquitous high-tech but also in the complete dependence in electronic devices as well as unequal accessibility and supplying captivating examples to reason out the features of academic materials and career.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5PIJ-mAtpY-property

Apart from the very popular ubiquitous technology that had being widely investigated to be one of the greatest challenges facing man, Arts and Literature appear to be other factor with similar characteristics to the former. Similarly, Katherine, Hayles (2008:3) argued that “Work with an important literary aspect takes advantage of the capabilities and contexts provided by the stand-alone or networked computers”

Even though the internet is seen as ‘A creation which does not encourage its audiences to recollect past experiences because they do not need to exercise their brains to keep in remembrance what they have learnt due to the fact that their interests were rather aroused under circumstances that they are not familiar with’ (Howard, Rheingold 2012:50),  it still  remains the highest utilized social platform globally even though the ratio of people with its full comprehension is very minimal. It is a system comprising different areas of life. (Alan, Dennis. 2002:218).

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YWnoBIuW6E

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oe4u3VxXRh0

Digital Artworks

 

The relevance of Digital Technology in Digital Arts

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1ybjACtwsw

Conclusion

In summary, rather than wanting to know if the web is influencing us to be foolish or social networks wasting our time or exchanging our private lives with money; it is best to instead learn how to handle and operate it logically, compassionately and carefully. (Howard, Rheingold 2012: 1).

Finally, Digital Technology is indeed a welcome development in the society and most especially in the world of Digital Arts because “Harmonization is needful if one must dance, corporation to perform with another person and teamwork to bring together a theatre audience”. (Howard, Rheingold 2012:250).

                                                             

Bibliography

Colson, R.The fundamentals of digital art /. Lausanne: London: AVA Academia; Thames & Hudson distributor].
Dennis, A.Networking in the internet age /. New York: Wiley.
Lunenfeld, P. (2000) Snap to grid: A user's guide to digital arts, media, and cultures. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
Nashelsky, L. & Nashelsky, L. (1983) Introduction to digital technology /. New York; Chichester: Wiley; 3rd Ed.
Rheingold, H. (2012) Net smart: How to thrive online. Cambridge, MA; London: MIT Press.

Week 6: Panoptic Panics

Introduction

It is very easy to think that Panopticon is just a modern thing.  Its practice can be dated back to the late 17^th century how a particular tower serves as a medium through which a watcher can secretly spy people and they in turn can watch some of the spies. (Michel, Foucault. 1977:207) whereas, the proliferation of new media especially in western countries had also brought the questions of surveillance and privacy as individuals  engage with the digital world on a daily basis. (Lecture12/11/2013).Additionally, some concepts which will help for more understanding of this topic were mentioned in class and they include:

·         Everyware

·         Cyber Warfare

The concept, Everyware deals extensively on  how computerization had mainly cease to be restricted to PCs alone but it had greatly being shaped in the socio-cultural society. (Adam, Greenfield. 2006:11).

Cyber Warfare on the other hand talks about the consequences that come when modern technology is used in the negative way as in the case of the Israelis against the Syrians with the aid of digital jets. In addition, the world and most especially the developed nations that are very exposed to these sets of modern facilities will keep facing hacking on social networks, space wars and the likes. (Richard, A. C. 2010).

In another vein, some critical philosophers who contributed largely for a  broader view on this subject matter were also mentioned in class. The two among others are:

·         Flew, T. (2008:430) describes the adoption of high tech to the extent that society can hardly function without it  and,

·         Singer, P.W. (2009:60) highlighted that fact that drones are fast taking the place of human beings in space battles is simply because of their flexible nature and the help of physical science.

Having said these, the critical question now is: are there reasons for technology to still be embraced by the human race on in future?, answering this question in the technological point of view, the prospects of modern media in the future are very high in the sense that proofs had already shown  from the president of the United State how he is embarking on the multiplication of fighting equipments for defense  in the case of any and/or anticipated war that might come up as a result of the  long accumulated government and political policies clashes and other related issues. Lecture (12/11/2013), (Bickernton, Ian J. 2008) and (Mulrine, Anna 2012) but on the contrary, another researcher asked if ‘humans respond through some forms of artificial manipulation in information management or, can the actions of an individual be as a result of some external control? .This question alone had cleared the air the machines no matter what they can do, will never be compare to human beings. (Hubert L. Dreyfus 1992:285).

More so, the online voting during election is one big factor that will help technology be obtainable in the future because society is already filled with lots of activities and any chance to reduce some will always be a welcome development. This new system of casting votes had not only prevented people from standing on long queues but also reduce accident rate due to the display of  cars on the road on such days especially in African countries, however, it was claimed that digital data collation is not error-free when it comes to result summation. In fact, it is risky. (Peter, G.1995:93).

In another instance, if human existence is surrounded by interaction, communication and information sharing, then it will be very correct to say that social networking will always see better days. More new ways to enhance communication will keep emerging. Although, this point was also opposed by the hacker concept which entails the illegal attacks on the accounts of users of social networks (Simpson, M.T 2011:324-235). Likewise (Hight, Craig.2012) pointed out one striking disadvantage of the digital age to say, any information deleted Implies that it might not be remembered again.

Economically, hypermedia is again  brilliant in helping Small-medium scale Enterprises (SMEs) particularly  online to advertise and sell products without huge capital or shops, yet as people, corporation etc depend ever more on cyber space, concerns about the safety and privacy of information therefore  remains worrisome. (William, Stallings 2009:42). Nevertheless, there is now war against the threat to privacy of individuals by the civil activists. (Simpson, Garfinkel. 1995:117)

To put this differently, the easy accessibility of academic materials via the web is a landmark that everybody will want to recognize. This had bridged the gap between the rich and poor and a boost to researchers as knowledge is at its peak but Hubert, D. (1992:288) again reiterated again saying, ‘the contents of an electronic device can be accessed only if a user knows how to log in and  how to surf the net.

Finally, the benefits of internet technology in personal self-realization, actualization, development and advancement cannot be over-emphasized meanwhile in the days of (Foucault, M. 1977:104), digital machinery were used as a tool to punish people.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that the whole essence of new media is to replace the former style of information sharing in newspaper with digital files, dynamites with drones and electromagnets with radars.(Flew, Tarry.2008:2). Based on this, it is recommended that reasonable energy be tilted towards applying new media applications positively rather than otherwise so as to eliminate to a large extent; if not all the factors causing panoptic panics globally. An understanding of the multi-faceted nature of the multimedia and the differences in personal histories as regards the knowledge and usage of both hard and software will also sure be a big remedy to panoptic panics in the society at large.(Andy, Finney et al 1999:8), (Hier Sean.P.(2012).

Possible Literature Avenues: Books and Journal in and outside UoB Library.

Possible Multimedia:

      A military drone
Phone

ATM

Bibliography:

Bickerton, I.J. & Hagan, K.J. (2008) 'The us and the unintended consequences of war', History Today, 58 (1), pp.14-21.
Dreyfus, H.L. & Dreyfus, H.L. (1992) What computers still can't do : A critique of artificial reason / Hubert L.Dreyfus. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, c1992.
England, E. & Finney, A. (1999) Managing multimedia: Project management for interactive media. Harlow: Addison-Wesley; 2nd ed.
Flew, T.New media: An introduction. South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press; 3rd ed.
Foucault, M. (1991) Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. London :Penguin Books.
Garfinkel, S. (1995) PGP: Pretty good privacy / simson Garfunkel. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates, c1995.
Greenfield, A.Everyware:The dawning age of ubiquitous computing. Berkeley, CA :New Riders.
Hire, S.P., Lett, D., Walby, K. & Smith, A. (2011) 'Beyond folk devil resistance: Linking moral panic and moral regulation', Criminology & Criminal Justice: an International Journal, 11 (3), pp.259.
Hight, C. (2012) Mayer-schonberger, viktor, delete: The virtue of forgetting in the digital age.(book review).
Mulrine, A. (2013) Uncertainty over how US military intervention in Syria would end.(USA).
Neumann. (1995) Computer-related risks / peter G. Neumann. New York, N.Y. :ACM Press ; Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, c1995.
Simpson, M.T. (2006) Hands on ethical hacking and network defense /. United Kingdom: Thomson Course Technology.

Stallings, W.Business data communications /. Upper Saddle River, N.J. :Pearson/Prentice Hall; 6th ed. Website of the War between Israelis and Syrians:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASamn1Bv8b4

Week 7: Intellectual Property protection

Naturally speaking, no one actually need to taught to be able to know that every human being is born with the right to life, to own property, to move, to have freedom of privacy, of speech etc. yet, it is very important to include them in the law binding the citizens of the state for an orderly society, protection of individual rights and punishment of law breakers. Based on the fact above, the Human Rights in United Kingdom Act of 1998 highlighted that “Civil liberties are those basic rights which every individual is entitled to, not because of any reason order than the fact that the individual share the characteristics of a person” et al 2006:1).


  Specifically, drawing our attention to the right of individuals to free ownership of property, (David, Hoffman 2006:295) again pointed out how ‘human beings have rights to relish their properties peacefully without any deprivation unless for the good of the land. Furthermore, the evolution of technology that gave rise to aesthetic concept in the contemporary world can be dated as back to as the time of Elizabeth were the exploitation and exploration of nature as a result of the advent of the printing press as a medium for knowledge bomb. (Elizabeth, Eisenstein. 1979), couple with the impact of the internet in recent times to facilitate businesses of users, artists in this case has also maximized its opportunities to own intellectual properties online. (Tina, Hart 24:259)

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFRaamWjYGo


 We cannot be talking about Intellectual Property without noting the vehicle that drives it in this modern world, Digitalization. According to Richard, Haynes 2005:31), ‘Cable transmission combines two data in order to let the several broadcasting systems to be influenced with difficulties. Reasons for Intellectual Property Protection:

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pisljq75Ius http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXl_Izrnqys


 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Pirate-Bay Pictures of piracy practices.


         Intellectual Property Protection Naturally speaking, no one actually need to taught to be able to know that every human being is born with the right to life, to own property, to move, to have freedom of privacy, of speech etc yet, it is very important to include them in the law binding the citizens of the state for an orderly society, protection of individual rights and punishment of law breakers. Based on the fact above, the Human Rights in United Kingdom Act of 1998 highlighted that “Civil liberties are those basic rights which every individual is entitled to, not because of any reason order than the fact that the individual share the characteristics of a person” et al 2006:1) Specifically, drawing our attention to the right of individuals to free ownership of property, (David, Hoffman 2006:295) again pointed out how ‘human beings have rights to relish their properties peacefully without any deprivation unless for the good of the land.



 Furthermore, the evolution of technology that gave rise to aesthetic concept in the contemporary world can be dated as back to as the time of Elizabeth were the exploitation and exploration of nature as a result of the advent of the printing press as a medium for knowledge bomb. (Elizabeth, Eisenstein. 1979), couple with the impact of the internet in recent times to facilitate businesses of users, artists in this case has also maximized its opportunities to own intellectual properties online. (Tina, Hart 24:259)..


    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFRaamWjYGo




 We cannot be talking about Intellectual Property without noting the vehicle that drives it in this modern world, Digitalization. According to Richard, Haynes 2005:31), ‘Cable transmission combines two data in order to let the several broadcasting systems to be influenced with difficulties. Reasons for Intellectual Property Protection


: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pisljq75Ius http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXl_Izrnqys


 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Pirate-Bay Pictures of piracy practices



 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLVWD2UNvVI



 Based on all the facts above, recommendations should be to keep protecting artistic creative pieces in accordance with what David, Saunders (1992:106-107) states; saying “The capabilities of artists under Copyright Act of 1837 to create and circulate properties and that producers are not only free from journalists’ regulations but also protected for their works being pirated”.

Bibliography

Elizabeth, E. (1979) The Printing Press as an agent of change; communications and cultural transformations in early modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hart, T. & Fazzani, L.Intellectual property law /. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 3rd Ed.
Haynes, R. (2005) Media rights and intellectual property /. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Hoffman, D. & Rowe, J. (2006) Human rights in the UK: An introduction to the human rights acts 1998. Harlow: Pearson; 2nd Ed.

Saunders, D.Authorship and copyright /. London: Rutledge.

Week 5: The Digital Mind/Body

WEEK 5

TOPIC:  The Digital Mind and Body:

Introduction: Thinking about this topic is a reminder of what Flew said about Ubiquitous Technology as to the rate at which technological devices are widely spread and interlocked among various networks with multidimensional functions infused in our daily lives. (Flew, T. 2005).  This is made possible via series of concepts which I will like to mention below.

Key Concepts: Some of the key concepts discussed in class include:

·         The robot,

·         Artificial Life (Alife),

The Robot:  (Cerf, V. 2013) described Robots to be useful engines. He also drew our attention to what (Isaac Asimov) the science imaginary author said concerning Robots on ‘the interconnection of robots and programming enhancement influencing human bodies with concrete results  and the clear contrast between processor hypermedia manufacturing company and cybernetics  in terms associating with the immediate environment. Robots as situated objects on the other hand can be seen as man-made in-organic beings that act upon pre-arranged commands and not on nonrepresentational information.(Rodney, Brookes.2002).

ALife: The making and learning of realistic creatures and methods is what artificial life focuses on. Artificial Life is made of synthetics for the purpose of communication. These modern systems came out as a result of computers. Ecologists and processor experts are hopeful in making computerized human beings the same way the intellectuals in the medical field devised artificial environment for living organisms. (Steven Levy).

Critical Thinkers:

·         John Steven’s research on Emergence indicates that it is a state of imagining how complicated systems could be born out of easy conversations with no preparation. (John Steven)

·         John, McCarthy. (1956) saw Artificial Intelligence as the act of employing both theoretical and practical knowledge to manufacture brainy equipment.

Contemporary Issues Arising:  One obvious issue confronting the artificial world is the medical implications of electrical rays in the destruction of cells in the body. (. Another point to note is the serious side effects that come after undergoing plastic surgeries. The body part transplant trauma is yet another factor that should not be overlooked. (Ija, A. 2012) and  (Paul, D.M. 2013) respectively.

Critical Questions: The emergence and adoption of New Technologies in all aspects of human life and performing sensitive roles in strategic positions in place of a man in recent times had giving rise to several questions. Are Machines taking the place of humans?. In an attempt to answering that question, the researcher opined that “Our daily lives are pre-dominantly occupied by smart phones and at present, they are important tools in the hands of customers as signs of attaining social status, do business, gain knowledge, get information and as communication enhancer. This however has extended to the younger generation as well”. (Merchant,Guys. 2012).

Liu, Allen (2012) among many researchers gave cogent analyses on how the study of the Digital state of  humanity did not only concentrate on how to enhance human labor but also how technology can mainly take the place of man in dynamic ways to fit into the advanced level of learning and emerging high-Tech companies.

The use of Three-Dimensional Machine in enhancing human lives as regards heart transplant and the likes is another welcome development.( Moceri, Pamela. 2012)  

In contrast of the this case study, this piece of writing shows the significance in Simmel’s attitude towards life. He supported the Irony behind the pre-existence of a person in fluid form, into an individual and that, living and dying is inevitable to everything that has breath. (Pyyhtinen, Olli. 2012),  (Kevin Warwick 2006).

In buttressing the previous argument, Polanyi also bore his mind on the “Irreducible Structure of Life” by saying “despite how clear physical science and interaction justify their claims on the inferior procedural stages of life, it still cannot fundamentally spell out the general development and complex philosophy guiding animate creatures.” See also Roger Faber (1986) and Robert Faber (2007).

In summary, it is pertinent to note at this juncture that technology has come to stay and will continue to develop and infused into human minds, activities, and environment and bodies to the extent that separating the two will be quite challenging. The claims of Researchers on the negative impact of robots on the society ( Ng, Parry P.W. 2012)   cannot in anyway be compared  to the benefits that come with it. (Yucel, Gulcin. 2012) and (Ng, Parry  P.W.)

In conclusion, the use of Robots should be encouraged because of the indescribable roles it had played in industries and to individuals at large. It is a boost for industrial productivity, life supporter, detector and intelligence information source, useful tool in times of war to protect territories and will still be more helpful especially during anticipated wars that might happen due to political crises in the world but It will be fairer if the consistent use of Robots will not displace people from not being employed.

Possible Literature Avenues: Articles and Books were sourced in and outside the University of Bedfordshire Library. Conference and peer reviewed materials were taking from same sources.

Possible Multimedia: Computers, Drones, Industrial Robots, Bomb Disposals.  

Website:( Heart Transplant) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_SDXsjM23_E

Books:   Flew, Terry. (2005). New Media: Introduction. South Melbourne, Vic :Oxford University Press.

Journal Articles:

 Cerf, Vinton G. Communications of the ACM. Jan2013, Vol. 56 Issue 1, p7-7. 1p. DOI: 10.1145/2398356.2398358. , Database: Business Source Premier.

 Iji  Ayobami, B; Zhu, Forest; Heimlich, Michael; Dutkiewicz, Eryk. 2012 International Symposium on Communications & Information Technologies (ISCIT) , 1/ 1/2012, p139-142, 4p. Publisher: IEEE.

References:

 Cerf, Vinton G. Communications of the ACM. Jan2013, Vol. 56 Issue 1, p7-7. 1p. DOI: 10.1145/2398356.2398358. , Database: Business Source Premier

 Iji  Ayobami, B; Zhu, Forest; Heimlich, Michael; Dutkiewicz, Eryk. 2012 International Symposium on Communications & Information Technologies (ISCIT) , 1/ 1/2012, p139-142, 4p. Publisher: IEEE.

Life, Death and Individualism:   Pyyhtinen Structure of Life by , Olli. Theory, Culture & Society , Dec2012, Vol. 29 Issue 7/8, p78-100, 23p. Publisher: Sage Publications.

Liu, Alan. Arts & Humanities in Higher Education, Feb2012, Vol. 11 Issue 1/2, p8-41, 34p. Publisher: Sage Publications. )

  

Kevin Warwick;Virginie Ruiz. In Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN 2006) / Engineering of Intelligent Systems (ICEIS 2006),Neurocomputing. 71(13):2619-2624 Language: English. DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2007.06.017, Database: ScienceDirect Merchant, Guy. British Journal of Educational Technology. Sep2012, Vol. 43 Issue 5, p770-782. 13p. 1 Color Photograph, 1 Chart. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2012.01352.x.

Moceri, Pamela; Doyen, Denis; Bertora, David; Cerboni, Pierre; Ferrari, Emile; Gibelin, Pierre; Echocardiography, 2012 Sep; 29 (8): 970-7. (journal article - research, tables/charts) ISSN: 0742-2822 PMID: 22563905, Database: CINAHL Plus with Full Text.

Polanyi Polanyi, Michael; Goldstein, Jeffrey. Emergence: Complexity & Organization.2012, Vol. 14 Issue 4, p139-153. 15p. , Database: Business Source Premier

   Flew, Terry. (2005). New Media: Introduction. South Melbourne, Vic. :Oxford University Press xvi, 304 p. ; 23 cm. 

Yucel, Gulcin. International Journal of Production Research. Jan2012, Vol. 50 Issue 1, p161-176. 16p. DOI: 10.1080/00207543.2011.571452. , Database: Business Source Premier Gutmann, Jens-Steffen; Culp, Kristen; Munich, Mario E.; Pirjanian, Paolo. 2012 IEEE Workshop on Advanced Robotics & its Social Impacts (ARSO) , 1/ 1/2012, p50-53, 4p. Publisher: IEEE.

Conceptualizing Media Change

WEEK 2 Introduction: Media as the name implies is a channel through which messages are disseminated or transmitted to large audience simultaneously beyond geographical locations. Be that as it may, one major characteristics is that it transients due to different factors influencing It; ranging from Industrial Revolution and the law of nature that deals with change. Chang is constant; so is media that was the reason John K. Kennedy- (Brainy Quote) noted how important change is to anyone who believes in the upcoming generation. Nevertheless media change occurs as a result of transformation from medieval media. Fidler,(1997) through several other stages to the new media of today. A very good example of such was when Engineer Lee carried out an experiment by sending message on a car idling in New York. (Engineer Lee de Forest, (1906). There also came the emergence of mobile telephone in the US by AT&T in 1946. (Phonehistory.co.uk) Media revolution had seen many days; considering the Old Media time where books and other related materials was in vogue, to this era of phone usage depicting New Media. ‘Media houses, information resource personnel and culture are so intermingled with the technology of the day and that makes the internet to be well known’ (Flew, T. 2008 New Media: An Introduction). Key Concepts: Digitalization: This enables television folders extremely agreeable to operate. (Richard Wise 2000). Adding more to what has being said already, Lev Manovitch (2010) said Analog is better than digital when it comes to the possibility of loss of data and that in visual transmission, only certain amount of data is allowed. (Lev Manovitch 2001). Augmented Reality: This is the placement of real objects on communication gadgets to help manipulators have a clearer view of the real world instead of changing it completely; as a result, it appears to as though both function side by side. (Ronald Azuma. A survey of Augmented Reality,(1997). Critical Thinkers: Bolter et al (1999) uses the concept of Remediation to explain how photographic broadcast strives to let watchers perceive representation as live transmissions and not as viewing it through any channel. On the other hand, he also researched out Hypermedia; a direct opposite of the former whose aim is to rather prompt audience the means through which they got informed or entertained. (Bolter and Grusin,(1999). Lev Manovitch, (2001). Looked at ‘Interaction’ at the software angle and said, it seems to omit the one-on-one impact it usually creates while Flew, T. (2008) concentrated on cyberspace ability to link communications to several webs Contemporary Issues Arising: In as much as media advancement brought positive impact in our society, the negative parts cannot be far-fetched. The hacking of the pavilion in China was one prominent issue, downplaying the right to privacy and freedom of worship. Another example is the impact of the internet replacing the physical environment. (Manovitch,2006). The anticipated goggle glasses next year is another source of major concern in that even though it will foster surveillance but the adverse effect cannot be over emphasized, meaning that one’s identity will no longer be hidden. Cultural Importance: Change in the media world is indeed a welcome development, reasons being that it had helped a great deal to give information in different aspects of life so businessmen, the uneducated and the poor free access to information and networks to better lives. (Hillary Clinton, 2010). Convergence Culture had influenced individuals to be active, literary, sociable and civic. (Jenkins,2006). ) (Morozov, E. 2001) Critical Questions: I. Are Old Technology metamorphosing into New Technology II. Does Old Media generate all the ideas of the New Media III. Augmented Reality; what is it IV. The significance of Augmented Reality V. Does it question the views of cosmos .Leonardo Magazine vol 19, April 2013. Possible Literature Avenues: UoB and Journal outside UoB Library Books: Roger Fidler , Mediamorphosis (1997), Bolter and Grusin, Remediation: (1999) Journals: LaRiviere, Kristin; Snider, Jeanette; Stromberg, Alison. About Campus, v17 n3 p10-17 Jul-Aug 2012. (EJ975780), Database: ERIC: Fattal, Alex. In: Anthropological Quarterly. Summer, 2012, Vol. 85 Issue 3, p927, 30 p.; Institute for Ethnographic Research Language: English, Database: Academic OneFile Possible Multimedia: I. Mobile Radio Phone II. Cellular Networks III. iPhone IV. Camera Phones V. Mobile Phones as RFID etc References: Azuma, R. (1999) A survey of Augmented Reality, Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6 (4), pp 355- 385. Bolter, J.D., & Grusin, R. (1999). Remediation: Understanding New Media. Cambridge: MIT Press. Fidler, R. (1997). Mediamorphosis: Understanding New Media. California: Pine Forge Press. Flew, T. (2008). New Media: An Introduction. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Jenkins,( 2006). Convergence Culture: Where new and Old Media Collide. New York: New York University Press. Lev Manovich, (2006). The Language on New Media. Cambridge: MIT Press. Morozov, E. (2011). The Net Delusion: How not to liberate the World. London: Penguin Books. Wise, R. (2000). Multimedia: A critical Introduction. London: Routledge. Fattal, Alex. In: Anthropological Quarterly. Summer, 2012, Vol. 85 Issue 3, p927, 30 p.; Institute for Ethnographic Research Language: English, Database: Academic OneFile LaRiviere, Kristin; Snider, Jeanette; Stromberg, Alison. About Campus, v17 n3 p10-17 Jul-Aug 2012. (EJ975780), Database: ERIC Zhang, J.; Ong, S. K.; Nee, A. Y. C. International Journal of Production Research. Jul2011, Vol. 49 Issue 13, p3919-3938. 20p. 8 Color Photographs, 4 Diagrams. DOI: 10.1080/00207543.2010.492802. , Database: Business Source Premier

Conceptualizing Media Change

WEEK 2 Introduction: Media as the name implies is a channel through which messages are disseminated or transmitted to large audience simultaneously beyond geographical locations. Be that as it may, one major characteristics is that it transients due to different factors influencing It; ranging from Industrial Revolution and the law of nature that deals with change. Chang is constant; so is media that was the reason John K. Kennedy- (Brainy Quote) noted how important change is to anyone who believes in the upcoming generation. Nevertheless media change occurs as a result of transformation from medieval media. Fidler,(1997) through several other stages to the new media of today. A very good example of such was when Engineer Lee carried out an experiment by sending message on a car idling in New York. (Engineer Lee de Forest, (1906). There also came the emergence of mobile telephone in the US by AT&T in 1946. (Phonehistory.co.uk) Media revolution had seen many days; considering the Old Media time where books and other related materials was in vogue, to this era of phone usage depicting New Media. ‘Media houses, information resource personnel and culture are so intermingled with the technology of the day and that makes the internet to be well known’ (Flew, T. 2008 New Media: An Introduction). Key Concepts: Digitalization: This enables television folders extremely agreeable to operate. (Richard Wise 2000). Adding more to what has being said already, Lev Manovitch (2010) said Analog is better than digital when it comes to the possibility of loss of data and that in visual transmission, only certain amount of data is allowed. (Lev Manovitch 2001). Augmented Reality: This is the placement of real objects on communication gadgets to help manipulators have a clearer view of the real world instead of changing it completely; as a result, it appears to as though both function side by side. (Ronald Azuma. A survey of Augmented Reality,(1997). Critical Thinkers: Bolter et al (1999) uses the concept of Remediation to explain how photographic broadcast strives to let watchers perceive representation as live transmissions and not as viewing it through any channel. On the other hand, he also researched out Hypermedia; a direct opposite of the former whose aim is to rather prompt audience the means through which they got informed or entertained. (Bolter and Grusin,(1999). Lev Manovitch, (2001). Looked at ‘Interaction’ at the software angle and said, it seems to omit the one-on-one impact it usually creates while Flew, T. (2008) concentrated on cyberspace ability to link communications to several webs Contemporary Issues Arising: In as much as media advancement brought positive impact in our society, the negative parts cannot be far-fetched. The hacking of the pavilion in China was one prominent issue, downplaying the right to privacy and freedom of worship. Another example is the impact of the internet replacing the physical environment. (Manovitch,2006). The anticipated goggle glasses next year is another source of major concern in that even though it will foster surveillance but the adverse effect cannot be over emphasized, meaning that one’s identity will no longer be hidden. Cultural Importance: Change in the media world is indeed a welcome development, reasons being that it had helped a great deal to give information in different aspects of life so businessmen, the uneducated and the poor free access to information and networks to better lives. (Hillary Clinton, 2010). Convergence Culture had influenced individuals to be active, literary, sociable and civic. (Jenkins,2006). ) (Morozov, E. 2001) Critical Questions: I. Are Old Technology metamorphosing into New Technology II. Does Old Media generate all the ideas of the New Media III. Augmented Reality; what is it IV. The significance of Augmented Reality V. Does it question the views of cosmos .Leonardo Magazine vol 19, April 2013. Possible Literature Avenues: UoB and Journal outside UoB Library Books: Roger Fidler , Mediamorphosis (1997), Bolter and Grusin, Remediation: (1999) Journals: LaRiviere, Kristin; Snider, Jeanette; Stromberg, Alison. About Campus, v17 n3 p10-17 Jul-Aug 2012. (EJ975780), Database: ERIC: Fattal, Alex. In: Anthropological Quarterly. Summer, 2012, Vol. 85 Issue 3, p927, 30 p.; Institute for Ethnographic Research Language: English, Database: Academic OneFile Possible Multimedia: I. Mobile Radio Phone II. Cellular Networks III. iPhone IV. Camera Phones V. Mobile Phones as RFID etc References: Azuma, R. (1999) A survey of Augmented Reality, Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6 (4), pp 355- 385. Bolter, J.D., & Grusin, R. (1999). Remediation: Understanding New Media. Cambridge: MIT Press. Fidler, R. (1997). Mediamorphosis: Understanding New Media. California: Pine Forge Press. Flew, T. (2008). New Media: An Introduction. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Jenkins,( 2006). Convergence Culture: Where new and Old Media Collide. New York: New York University Press. Lev Manovich, (2006). The Language on New Media. Cambridge: MIT Press. Morozov, E. (2011). The Net Delusion: How not to liberate the World. London: Penguin Books. Wise, R. (2000). Multimedia: A critical Introduction. London: Routledge. Fattal, Alex. In: Anthropological Quarterly. Summer, 2012, Vol. 85 Issue 3, p927, 30 p.; Institute for Ethnographic Research Language: English, Database: Academic OneFile LaRiviere, Kristin; Snider, Jeanette; Stromberg, Alison. About Campus, v17 n3 p10-17 Jul-Aug 2012. (EJ975780), Database: ERIC Zhang, J.; Ong, S. K.; Nee, A. Y. C. International Journal of Production Research. Jul2011, Vol. 49 Issue 13, p3919-3938. 20p. 8 Color Photographs, 4 Diagrams. DOI: 10.1080/00207543.2010.492802. , Database: Business Source Premier

Misunderstanding Web 2.0

WEEK 3 Introduction: What readily comes to the mind whenever Web 2.0 is mentioned is the Cyberspace. Web 2.0 is a platform for gaining knowledge via sharing of information between users and their contacts with continuous improvement.(Michael Platt). Tim Berners-Lee (2000) however, also bore his mind on the Web 2.0 and Web 1.0 to say ‘they are both the same in that all is geared towards interaction and networking’. Key Concepts: Barlovian Cyberspace. John Perry Barlow, the deputy chairperson of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) announces the sovereignty of the cyberspace as these engineers the America’s Wild West and individualism. Another example is that this concept seeks to generate a society where everybody might be a part of; not minding ones color, gender, financial status or place of origin and where freedom of speech, religion and other related matters are carried out. Gibsonian Cyberspace: In another instance, William Gibson exclaimed that Cyberspace is founded on information supplied by data that cannot be easily deleted even when user is long dead. Authority is usually vested on users who excellently utilize information. The bedrock of cyberspace is the World Wide Web (WWW) (Jari Peltola) Critical Thinkers: Theodore Raszack spoke extensively on Counter Culture. He pointed out how computer systems at community clubs brought awareness which in turns had adverse effect on society in the forms of political and traditional conflicts, campaign on gender inequality and the rise of student strikes on campuses. Simply put; Theodore added that it is a means of offering authority to the society. Steven Levy on the other hand concentrated on the Hacker Culture. He emphasized how that data accessibility should be unrestricted and that software is created to suit the display of arts which adds aesthetic values to better the lives of the people. Contemporary Issues: Despite the good sides of the Web 2.0, there are clear negative pointers of it as well: Research had it that ‘Technology is not a border line but only a modern backdrop for misunderstanding between traditional leaders and social/political authorities. (Jari Peltola). The use of bombs in the 20th century for cold war and the likes is another negative point to note. Examining more on the negative aspect of the internet, it is only obvious that the era of peaceful society and respect for community leaders is gone. Hacker Values rather broadcast uncertainties of people in power. Comparing the time of Old Media and now, it is no doubt that humans tend to rely more on technology in the place of developing perusal skills. Cultural Importance: The discovery of the Differential Calculus by (Newton) to analyze waves round the sun begat Industrial Revolution where several machines like the Babbage Different Engine, Knowledge Machines by Vannervar Bush and Memex (1934 ) were manufactured. More so, this was the era the US military engaged the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator machines(ENIAC) in place of human beings to calculate artillery range tables. This however did not only reduce human labor but also saves time. Examining the benefits of the internet still, Nicole Stenger, (1991) a cartoonist described the ability of the internet in preserving animate and inanimate objects forever That is to say ones impacts are preserved for eternity. Even though Dion Hinch Cliffe criticized the advent of the internet by saying ‘the old way of nosing and / or sourcing of information had long gradually eroded away’, that the internet rather presented new methods of limitless and uncontrollable access to information but Neil Postman instead, laid emphases on the fact that ‘cyberspace as a tool for entertainment’. (Comedy). Case study: The Advantages and Disadvantages of the internet: Its benefits in relation to free access and utilization of information, reduction of human labor, and avoidance of concentrated power at the centre as well as the beautification of the world via high-tech inventions cannot be over emphasized. Richard reiterated that ‘technology had brought and made social equality and communication regionalized and permanent’. (Richard Wise). More so, it is indeed very important to mention that in a society such as this, humor is highly needed to ease the daily stress, worries and anxieties facing mankind. (Neil postman: Amusing Ourselves to Death). The railway system to facilitate travelling without delays is also mind blowing. At this juncture, it is pertinent to say that the embrace of the internet also brought unwanted issues which if can be avoided will make the society a better place to live in. some of these issues can be seen in the forms of civil unrest, atomic bomb explosions, global warming, (the depleting of the Ozone layer, hurricanes, environment pollution, synthetic life styles which is rather causing more harm than good when critically examined. The awareness that at any point in time one is being watched somehow by some persons at some places is also quite alarming. In all, l recommend that in as much as information should be free especially for students carrying out researches but on the other hand, sensitive information as touching one’s personal health records etc should be treated as confidential. Another interesting side of the whole discussion is the answerability and work without supervision that de-massification seeks to promote at work places. (Stunkey 1995, p.43) should be adopted so as to boost human creativity. Attention of using technology to create harmful substance should rather be redirected towards advanced peace-oriented tools because the whole wide world need nothing but peace to be sustained. Critical Questions: Because of the drastic change in culture due to development of technology, it is only natural for one to question its authenticity of who actually controls the cyberspace and how much of authority is vested on the society and with what measures are breakers of the Law punished Possible Literature Search Avenues: UoB and materials outside UoB Books: Steven Levy, HACKERS: Heroes of the computer revolution, Theodore Roszack :Counter Culture, William Gibson: Neuromancer, Neil Postman: Amusing ourselves to Death, Richard Wise, Multimedia: A critical Introduction Journals: DEPOVER, Christian; QUINTIN, Jean-Jacques; STREBELLE, Albert. Education et Francophonie.2013, Vol. 41 Issue 1, p173-191. 19p. 2 Color Photographs, 1 Chart, 1 Graph. Language: French. , Database: Education Research ALLEN, R. C. Economic History Review. May2011, Vol. 6 Cailliau, Robert; Gillies, James. OECD Observer. 2012 4th Quarter, Issue 293, p32-33. 2p. , Database: Business Source Premier Braman, Sandra ; New Media & Society, Vol 14(4), Jun, 2012. pp. 721-723. [Review-Book], Database: PsycINFO Possible Multimedia: The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator Machine ( ENIAC ), The HYPERTEXT (WWW ), Personal Computers, Babbage Difference Engine, UNIVAC, Microelectronics and Flight Stimulators References: Gibson, W.(1995). Neuromancer. New York: Harper Voyager. Levy, S. (2010). Hackers: Heroes of the computer revolution. California: O’Reilly Media. Postman, N. (2005). Amusing Ourselves to Death. London: Penguin Books Wise, R. (2000). Multimedia: A critical Introduction. London: Routledge. ALLEN, R. C. Economic History Review. May2011, Vl. 6 Cailliau, Robert; Gillies, James. OECD Observer. 2012 4th Quarter, Issue 293, p32-33. 2p. , Database: Business Source Premier Braman, Sandra ; New Media & Society, Vol 14(4), Jun, 2012. pp. 721-723. [Review-Book], Database: PsycINFO DEPOVER, Christian; QUINTIN, Jean-Jacques; STREBELLE, Albert. Education et Francophonie.2013, Vol. 41 Issue 1, p173-191. 19p. 2 Color Photographs, 1 Chart, 1 Graph. Language: French. , Database: Education Research